Hessian cloth, also known as burlap in North America, is a coarse woven fabric made from jute – a strong, biodegradable plant fiber. Valued for its durability, breathability, and low environmental impact, it remains widely used in packaging, agriculture, home décor, and sustainable design. This article examines the key characteristics, practical uses, and environmental benefits of hessian fabric, offering guidance on how to choose, use, and care for this versatile material.
Types & Specifications of Hessian Cloth/Fabric
Hessian cloth, or burlap, is a durable, breathable fabric made from jute fibers. Its strength and eco-friendly nature make it ideal for a wide range of applications, from agriculture to décor. In this section, we’ll explore the different types and specifications of hessian, helping you choose the right fabric for your needs.
Types of Hessian Cloth or Burlap Fabric
Hessian fabric, also known as burlap, comes in various types and grades, each designed for different applications. Here’s an overview of the main types of hessian cloth:
- Standard Hessian Fabric: This is the most common form of hessian, made from coarser jute fibres. It’s widely used for industrial packaging, sandbags, and other heavy-duty applications. Its breathable and durable nature makes it ideal for products that require air circulation, such as agricultural goods.
- Food-Grade Hessian Fabric: Food-safe hessian fabric is specifically designed for packaging food products like coffee, grains, and vegetables. This type of hessian is made to higher standards, ensuring it’s free from contaminants and suitable for direct contact with food.
- Decorative and Dyed Hessian Fabric: For home décor, crafts, and events, hessian can be dyed or printed. This finer, softer version of hessian is used in creating table runners, bags, cushions, and other decorative items. It blends rustic charm with versatility, making it ideal for wedding decor or seasonal crafts.
- Geotextile Hessian Fabric: This variation of hessian is designed for environmental and construction applications. It’s primarily used in erosion control, soil stabilization, and landscaping projects. Geotextile hessian is usually treated to ensure long-lasting durability and biodegradability.
Key Specifications of Hessian Fabric
Hessian fabric comes in various specifications that cater to specific needs. Below are the most important factors to consider when choosing hessian for your project:
| Specification | Description | Importance |
| Weight (oz/yard or GSM) | Common weights range from 7 oz (~215 GSM) to 10 oz (~305 GSM) for heavier applications. | Heavier fabrics offer more strength and durability, ideal for industrial use. Lighter weights are better for decorative purposes. |
| Width | Typically available in widths from 22 inches to 80 inches. | The width of the fabric determines the scope of your application, whether it’s for small-scale bags or large area coverage. |
| Weave Pattern | Weave types include plain, twill, herringbone, and other patterns, with different thread densities. | The tighter the weave, the more durable the fabric. The choice of weave also affects the fabric’s breathability and flexibility. |
| Biodegradability & Sustainability | As a natural fibre, hessian is biodegradable, making it ideal for eco-friendly applications. | Key for applications in agriculture, erosion control, and temporary packaging solutions where environmental impact is important. |
| Finish & Treatment | Hessian can be treated for added durability (e.g., water-resistant or fire-retardant). | Treatments extend the lifespan of the fabric and tailor it for specific applications like food packaging or construction. |
| Colour & Print | Available in natural brown, or dyed and printed versions for aesthetic purposes. | Dyed or printed hessian is ideal for décor and event planning, adding a decorative touch while maintaining functionality. |
Applications of Hessian and Burlap Fabric
From agriculture to interior design, hessian and burlap fabrics have proven to be incredibly versatile. Their natural strength, breathability, and biodegradability make them essential in industries ranging from farming and construction to décor and sustainable packaging. Below are the key applications that highlight how this traditional material continues to adapt to modern needs.
Packaging and Transportation
Hessian cloth bags are widely used for packaging and transporting both agricultural and industrial goods. Farmers and exporters rely on burlap sacks for storing tea, coffee, potatoes, wheat, grains, and other perishable items because the fabric’s coarse weave allows air to pass through — reducing moisture, spoilage, and condensation.
Beyond agriculture, hessian is also used for carrying bulk materials like sand, gravel, and construction supplies. Its tensile strength and durability make it an economical and eco-friendly choice for heavy-duty packaging and transport operations.
Agriculture and Erosion Control
In the agricultural and environmental sectors, hessian fabric plays a critical role in both crop handling and land management. It is used to make gunny sacks that ship cement, cotton, wool, and farm produce safely. The breathable nature of the fabric prevents spoilage during storage and shipment, especially for food products.
During floods, burlap sacks filled with sand are used as barriers to control water flow and protect properties. Similarly, hessian bags filled with mulch or soil are laid across slopes and embankments to prevent erosion. In nurseries, the fabric serves as root ball wrapping, and in reforestation projects, it provides temporary protection that naturally decomposes over time.
Décor and Crafting
Hessian and burlap fabrics have evolved from purely industrial use to becoming stylish materials in modern décor and crafts. Their rustic texture and earthy tone give handmade and artisanal items a natural charm. Today, they are used to make handbags, pouches, pot plant covers, and wrappers for products like candles, coffee, and tea.
In home décor, hessian is used for table mats, curtains, ribbons, bows, wreaths, upholstery, and wall hangings. Event planners frequently use dyed or printed burlap in wedding setups, seasonal displays, and creative installations that require both durability and aesthetic appeal.
Eco-Friendly and Industrial Innovations
As sustainability becomes a global priority, hessian’s eco-friendly properties are gaining renewed importance. It is being adopted in biodegradable packaging, composite materials, and non-woven products that replace synthetic alternatives. In environmental engineering, hessian geotextiles are used in erosion control mats, soil reinforcement, and plant protection fabrics underscoring the material’s continued relevance in both traditional and emerging green industries.
Sourcing and Evaluating Burlap or Hessian Fabric
When selecting hessian fabric, understanding its specifications is essential to ensure performance matches application. The most critical metric is fabric weight, typically measured in ounces per square yard. Lightweight hessian, ranging from 5 to 7 oz, is best suited for crafts, décor, and light wrapping. Medium weights around 8 to 10 oz work well for nursery use and general-purpose packaging. For heavy-duty applications like industrial sacks or erosion control, 11 oz and above provide the required durability.
Width is another factor to consider. Standard rolls often come in widths of 40 or 60 inches, but wider formats are available for commercial use. Buyers should also evaluate finish treatments. Untreated hessian retains its full biodegradability, while laminated or fire-retardant versions offer enhanced performance at the cost of reduced environmental purity.
Verifying fibre composition is essential, especially for buyers prioritizing natural materials. While most hessian is 100% jute, some commercial variants may include polyester or other synthetic blends. These blends can compromise biodegradability and introduce performance trade-offs.
Reputable sourcing is equally important. High-quality hessian is typically produced in India or Bangladesh, where jute cultivation is deeply integrated with regional economies. Look for suppliers offering GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) or OEKO-TEX certifications to ensure eco-compliance and social responsibility throughout the supply chain.
Whether you are purchasing for industrial use, retail, or craft purposes, evaluating hessian by weight, weave uniformity, edge treatment, and fibre purity will help ensure optimal material performance and longevity.
Hessian vs. Other Fabrics
Hessian (burlap) is a durable, eco-friendly fabric made from jute fibers, often used for industrial, agricultural, and decorative applications. When compared to other popular fabrics like cotton, linen, polyester, and wool, hessian offers distinct advantages and limitations.
Below is a quick comparison of hessian against these fabrics based on key properties:
| Fabric | Composition | Durability | Eco-Friendliness | Common Uses |
| Hessian | Jute fibers (plant-based) | Strong, durable, especially for heavy-duty use | Biodegradable, low-resource, eco-friendly | Packaging, agricultural sacks, décor |
| Cotton | Cotton plant (plant-based) | Softer, less durable for heavy-duty use | Requires water and pesticides, but biodegradable | Clothing, bedding, textiles |
| Linen | Flax fibers (plant-based) | Durable but softer than hessian | Less resource-intensive than cotton, biodegradable | Apparel, home décor, luxury textiles |
| Polyester | Synthetic (petroleum-based) | Highly durable, resistant to moisture | Non-biodegradable, contributes to microplastic pollution | Clothing, upholstery, outdoor gear |
| Wool | Animal fibers (sheep-based) | Moisture-resistant, insulating, durable | Biodegradable but resource-intensive to produce | Clothing (e.g., sweaters, coats), insulation |
Care and Maintenance of Hessian Fabric
Hessian fabric is strong and sustainable, but it requires proper care to maintain its durability and appearance. Due to its coarse weave and natural jute composition, it is not suitable for machine washing, as water exposure can weaken, shrink, or fray the fabric.
Cleaning Hessian Fabric
For most uses, especially in decorative or craft applications, spot cleaning with a damp cloth and mild soap is recommended. For odour removal or light sanitization, baking soda and sun exposure provide a chemical-free alternative, effectively freshening the fabric without compromising its integrity.
Storage of Hessian Fabric
Proper storage is crucial for preserving the quality of hessian fabric. To prevent mould, mildew, and insect damage, keep hessian in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated space.
Storage Tips:
- Avoid Folding: Instead of folding, roll the fabric loosely to prevent permanent creases or deformation.
- Long-Term Storage: In humid climates, consider sealing the fabric in breathable cotton bags for additional protection.
Enhancing Durability
Hessian’s loose weave, especially at cut edges or seams, is prone to fraying. To prevent this, it’s advisable to hem or bind the edges.
Outdoor Use:
If using hessian outdoors or in areas with prolonged sun exposure, UV-treated or laminated versions of the fabric can help prolong its life and resist the damaging effects of UV rays.
Handling Hessian Fabric
Although hessian fabric is low-maintenance, it does require thoughtful handling to maintain its functional lifespan and aesthetic appeal. Proper care ensures that it remains a practical, eco-friendly, and visually attractive option for various applications.
Environmental and Sustainability Impact
Hessian cloth stands out not only for its functional durability but also for its environmental credentials. Made from jute—a fast-growing, rain-fed crop that requires minimal pesticide and fertilizer input—hessian fabric offers a significantly lower ecological footprint than many synthetic alternatives. Jute cultivation also contributes positively to carbon sequestration, with one hectare of jute absorbing up to 15 tons of CO₂ and releasing 11 tons of oxygen during its 120-day growing cycle.
The biodegradability of hessian is a defining strength. When untreated, the fabric decomposes naturally within months, leaving no toxic residue. This quality makes it ideal for temporary applications like erosion control, plant wrapping, and sustainable packaging, where materials must return harmlessly to the environment after use.
Beyond its ecological benefits, hessian supports socio-economic sustainability in its regions of origin. In countries like Bangladesh and India, the jute industry employs millions of workers, many of whom are women. The production of hessian fabric is deeply intertwined with rural economies, helping to preserve traditional agricultural practices while contributing to modern green industries.
However, not all hessian is equally sustainable. Laminated, dyed, or chemically treated variants may reduce biodegradability and introduce pollutants. Buyers focused on environmental impact should seek untreated or organically certified hessian and confirm that it is free from synthetic additives.
In a global context increasingly focused on circular economies and material life cycles, hessian offers a rare combination of strength, utility, and ecological integrity. It is both a legacy textile and a forward-looking solution for a more sustainable material future.
Conclusion
Hessian cloth, or burlap, is a durable, breathable, and biodegradable fabric made from jute. Its versatility spans packaging, agriculture, home décor, and eco-friendly design. With the right grade and proper care, it offers both functional reliability and environmental value. As demand grows for sustainable materials, hessian remains a trusted, low-impact choice for a wide range of practical and creative uses.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the difference between hessian and burlap?
They refer to the same fabric made from jute. “Hessian” is used in the UK and Commonwealth countries, while “burlap” is the term in North America.
Can hessian or burlap be washed?
It should not be machine-washed. Spot cleaning or gentle hand washing is recommended to prevent shrinkage and fraying.
Is hessian fabric safe for food storage?
Untreated hessian may be used for dry goods like grains or coffee, but it must be food-grade and free from chemical treatments to be considered safe.
Does hessian attract mould or pests?
If stored in damp or poorly ventilated conditions, hessian can develop mould or attract insects. Proper dry storage is essential.
What hessian weight should I use for different applications?
- Light (5–7 oz): crafts, décor
- Medium (8–10 oz): plant wrapping, general packaging
- Heavy (11+ oz): industrial sacks, erosion control
Is all burlap biodegradable?
Only untreated burlap made from 100% jute is fully biodegradable. Versions treated with laminates or synthetic fibres are not.
How long does hessian last outdoors?
Untreated hessian can degrade in a few months when exposed to moisture and sunlight. Treated versions last longer but may not be biodegradable.